Added brief initial draft of abstract and added results for zinc ion

exchange process.

diff --git a/project/project.pdf b/project/project.pdf
index 6c4efb15337f337b66561160bc8d2dfa1b177786..89118b17d93a77f9dc83c90efeb0a955d33ffed8 100644 (file)
Binary files a/project/project.pdf and b/project/project.pdf differ

diff --git a/project/project.tex b/project/project.tex
index f52a882a6b72a2f863fe1d8f2cd505520ab7ed0c..f975dfafe6662d815fd2c8a00fbcfd96a14b17a0 100644 (file)
--- a/project/project.tex
+++ b/project/project.tex
@@ -40,11 +40,11 @@
 \maketitle
 
 \begin{abstract}
-In this study the efficiency of the ion exchange process of HZSM-5 with copper and zinc cations was investigated. It was found that\dots
+In this project the efficiency of the ion exchange process of HZSM-5 with copper and zinc cations was investigated. The method utilised was found to be ineffective at the completion of this aim and no meaningful conclusions could be drawn from the data collected.
 \end{abstract}
 
 \section{Aim}
-This project aims to investigate how the efficiency of the ion exchange process is effected by the cation being exchanged. Specifically the copper and zinc cation exchange processes of an HZSM-5 zeolite were compared.
+This project aimed to investigate how the efficiency of the ion exchange process is effected by the cation being exchanged. Specifically a comparison between the copper and zinc cation exchange processes of an HZSM-5 zeolite was attempted.
 
 \section{Introduction}
 Zeolites are crystalline, microporous solids used for a large number of purposes such as for catalytic cracking, air purification, water softening and desiccants.~\autocite{hardsoftwater,petrov12} This project was completed using the ZSM-5 (Zeolite Socony Mobil-5)\autocite{zhang15} zeolite which has important uses in the petrochemical industry such as for the conversion of methanol to gasoline, dewaxing of distillates, separation of organic products (such as separating para-xylene from its isomers), the interconversion of hydrocarbons.\autocite{olson81,rasouli12,sarkany99}
@@ -108,33 +108,81 @@ After one week the zeolite had settled in the bottom of the solutions. The clear
 
 \subsection{Copper-Exchanged Zeolite}
 \begin{table}[h]
-    \caption{Masses used.} \label{tbl:masses}
+    \label{tbl:cu-masses}
+    \caption{Masses used in CuZSM-5 preparation.}
     \centering
     \begin{tabular}{|c|c|}
         \hline
         Substance & Mass / \si{\gram}  \\
         \hline
         \ce{CuSO4.5H2O} & 0.5014 \\
-        \hline
         HZSM-5 & 0.4810 \\
         \hline
     \end{tabular}
 \end{table}
 
 \begin{table}[h]
-    \caption{Spectrophotometric results.} \label{tbl:absorbance}
+    \label{tbl:cu-absorbance}
+    \caption{Spectrophotometric results.}
     \centering
     \begin{tabular}{|c|c|}
         \hline
         Substance & Absorbance \\
         \hline
         Standard Solution & 0.484 \\
-        \hline
         Post-Reaction Solution & 0.110 \\
         \hline
     \end{tabular}
 \end{table}
 
+\subsection{Zinc-Exchanged Zeolite}
+\begin{table}[h]
+    \label{tbl:zn-masses}
+    \caption{Masses used in ZnZSM-5 preparation.}
+    \centering
+    \begin{tabular}{|c|c|}
+        \hline
+        Substance & Mass / \si{\gram} \\
+        \hline
+        \ce{ZnSO4.7H2O} & 0.6331 \\
+        HZSM-5 & 0.5274 \\
+        \hline
+    \end{tabular}
+\end{table}
+
+\begin{table}
+    \label{tbl:zn-standardisation}
+    \caption{Titration results from standardisation of EDTA solution with standard zinc sulphate solution.}
+    \centering
+    \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|}
+        \hline
+        Run & Start Volume / \si{\centi\metre\cubed} & End Volume / \si{\centi\metre\cubed} & Titre Volume / \si{\centi\metre\cubed} \\
+        \hline
+        1 & 1.45 & 33.70 & 32.25 \\
+        2 & 2.25 & 34.20 & 31.95 \\
+        \hline
+    \end{tabular}
+\end{table}
+%TODO: Add note about incomplete standardisation.
+
+\begin{table}
+    \label{tbl:zn-analytical-titration}
+    \caption{Titration results between zinc solution after ion-exchange process and standardised EDTA solution.}
+    \centering
+    \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|}
+        \hline
+        Run & Start Volume / \si{\centi\metre\cubed} & End Volume / \si{\centi\metre\cubed} & Titre Volume / \si{\centi\metre\cubed} \\
+        \hline
+        1 & 2.40 & 29.10 & 26.70 \\
+        2 & 2.90 & 29.55 & 26.65 \\
+        3 & 1.40 & 28.00 & 26.60 \\
+        4 & 11.35 & 37.70 & 26.35 \\
+        \hline
+    \end{tabular}
+\end{table}
+%TODO: Titre value too small due to ZSM-5 suspended in solution: displaces liquid so actual aliquot size is smaller than appears.
+%TODO: Add notes about titration results: final anomalous reading possibly due human error or water in pipette filler, more solid in aliquot than others since less solution in volumetric flask and solid started to settle on bottom hence aliquot smaller than others.
+
 \section{Calculations}
 
 \subsection{Calculation of Maximum Theoretical Number of Ion Exchanges}
@@ -253,12 +301,12 @@ Using \ref{eq:cu-percent-exchanged} with:
 %TODO: Look up uncertainty in absorbance value for spectrophotometer and that for relative atomic masses.
 \begin{align*}
     Mr_{\text{HZSM-5 unit cell}} &= \SI{6217.6134}{\gram\per\mole} \text{ from equation \ref{eq:hzsm-5-mr}} \\
-    m_{\ce{CuSO4.5H2O}} &= \SI{0.5014 \pm 0.00005}{\gram} \text{ from table \ref{tbl:masses}} \\
-    A_{\ce{Cu}_\text{std.}} &= \num{0.484} \text{ from table \ref{tbl:absorbance}} \\
+    m_{\ce{CuSO4.5H2O}} &= \SI{0.5014 \pm 0.00005}{\gram} \text{ from table \ref{tbl:cu-masses}} \\
+    A_{\ce{Cu}_\text{std.}} &= \num{0.484} \text{ from table \ref{tbl:cu-absorbance}} \\
     V_{\ce{Cu}_\text{react.}} &= \SI{20.00 \pm 0.06 e-3}{\deci\metre\cubed} \\
-    A_{\ce{Cu}_\text{prod.}} &= \num{0.110} \text{ from table \ref{tbl:absorbance}} \\
+    A_{\ce{Cu}_\text{prod.}} &= \num{0.110} \text{ from table \ref{tbl:cu-absorbance}} \\
     V_{\ce{Cu}_\text{prod.}} &= \SI{100.00 \pm 0.20 e-3}{\deci\metre\cubed} \\
-    m_{\text{HZSM-5}} &= \SI{0.4810 \pm 0.00005}{\gram} \text{ from table \ref{tbl:masses}} \\
+    m_{\text{HZSM-5}} &= \SI{0.4810 \pm 0.00005}{\gram} \text{ from table \ref{tbl:cu-masses}} \\
     V_{\ce{Cu}_\text{std.}} &= \SI{50.00 \pm 0.06 e-3}{\deci\metre\cubed} \\
     Mr_{\ce{CuSO4.5H2O}} &= \SI{249.577}{\gram\per\mole} \text{ from equation \ref{eq:molar-extinction-calc}}
 \end{align*}
@@ -328,6 +376,8 @@ So the percentage of \ce{Cu^2+} exchanged is \SI{-18 \pm 0.00}{\percent}.
 
 \section{Analysis}
 %TODO: Compared molar extinction coefficient value to literature value.
+%TODO: Note the acidity of some metal ions formed other substances in solution.
+%TODO: Add note about centrifugation used for zeolite separation due to recommendation by Russell: nano-sized zeolite particles clog filter paper and prevent efficient filtration of solution.
 
 \printbibliography