From: Sam W Date: Thu, 15 Mar 2018 12:28:27 +0000 (+0000) Subject: Initial draft of project: introduction and methodology with some X-Git-Url: https://git.dalvak.com/public/?a=commitdiff_plain;h=79caf8caba3e3ead429e9166a0833823a2a0947a;p=chemistry%2Funiversity-chemistry-lab-reports.git Initial draft of project: introduction and methodology with some calculations completed. --- diff --git a/project/ZSM-5-Chain.png b/project/ZSM-5-Chain.png new file mode 100755 index 0000000..d9f57ee Binary files /dev/null and b/project/ZSM-5-Chain.png differ diff --git a/project/ZSM-5-Layer.png b/project/ZSM-5-Layer.png new file mode 100755 index 0000000..0e8bdb9 Binary files /dev/null and b/project/ZSM-5-Layer.png differ diff --git a/project/ZSM-5-SBU.png b/project/ZSM-5-SBU.png new file mode 100755 index 0000000..ffbc3e9 Binary files /dev/null and b/project/ZSM-5-SBU.png differ diff --git a/project/project.bcf b/project/project.bcf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..47d8f98 --- /dev/null +++ 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zeolite-atlas + olson81 + wu79 + zeolite-atlas + olson81 + olson81 + olson81 + olson81 + olson81 + olson81 + olson81 + olson81 + patent3702886A + zeolite-atlas + ismagilov00 + rasouli12 + chaudhari02 + han09 + sato91 + yashnik05 + ismagilov00 + iwamoto91 + niu14 + wang16 + sun18 + chen76 + han09 + olson99 + han09 + olson99 + donder06 + + + + + citeorder + + + + + + diff --git a/project/project.pdf b/project/project.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d641a59 Binary files /dev/null and b/project/project.pdf differ diff --git a/project/project.run.xml b/project/project.run.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1c80d8d --- /dev/null +++ b/project/project.run.xml @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +]> + + + latex + + project.bcf + + + project.bbl + + + blx-dm.def + blx-compat.def + biblatex.def + chem-rsc.bbx + numeric-comp.bbx + numeric.bbx + standard.bbx + chem-rsc.cbx + numeric-comp.cbx + biblatex.cfg + british.lbx + english.lbx + + + + biber + + biber + project + + + project.bcf + + + project.bbl + + + project.bbl + + + project.bcf + + + ../bibliographies/reference.bib + ../bibliographies/coretextbooks.bib + specific.bib + + + diff --git a/project/project.tex b/project/project.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dd63933 --- /dev/null +++ b/project/project.tex @@ -0,0 +1,298 @@ +%Document Setup. +\documentclass[a4paper,11pt]{article} +\usepackage[a4paper]{geometry} %Set page size to A4. +\usepackage{graphicx} %Allows import of images. +%\usepackage{float} +\usepackage{floatrow} %Align tables and figures side-by-side. +%\usepackage[moderate, mathspacing=normal,leading=normal]{savetrees} %Reduce whitespace. +\usepackage{siunitx} %SI Units formatting. +%\usepackage{vhistory} %Revision History. +\usepackage[version=4]{mhchem} %Chemical Equations. +\usepackage{amsmath} %Mathematical alignments. +\usepackage{amssymb} %Mathematical symbols e.g. therefore. +\usepackage[parfill]{parskip} %Blank lines between paragraphs. +\usepackage[autostyle]{csquotes} +\usepackage{array} %Table centering. +\usepackage[british]{babel} %British localisation. +%\usepackage[backend=biber,citestyle=verbose-note,autocite=footnote]{biblatex} %Bibliography. +\usepackage[backend=biber,style=chem-rsc]{biblatex} %Bibliography. + +\numberwithin{equation}{subsection} %Number equations based on their section. +\bibliography{../bibliographies/reference,../bibliographies/coretextbooks,specific} %Use Bibliography of reference books. +\floatsetup[table]{style = plaintop} %Put captions on top of tables. +\floatsetup[figure]{style = plain} %Ensure figure captions are below figures. +\sisetup{range-phrase = --,range-units = single} %Use - for ranges and only have a single unit shown after. +\sisetup{separate-uncertainty = true,multi-part-units=single} %Use \pm for uncertainties. +\setcounter{secnumdepth}{4} %Label paragraphs as subsubsubsections. +\setcounter{tocdepth}{4} %Treat paragraphs as sections in table of contents. + +%Document Headings. +\begin{document} +\title{Investigation on the Effect of the Cation Counterion used on the Ion Exchange Efficiency with HZSM-5} +\author{Sam White} +\date{06/03/2018} +%\date{\vhCurrentDate\\\vhCurrentVersion} +\maketitle + +\begin{abstract} +In this study the efficiency of the ion exchange process of HZSM-5 with copper and zinc cations was investigated. It was found that\dots +\end{abstract} + +\section{Aim} +This project aims to investigate how the efficiency of the ion exchange process is effected by the cation being exchanged. Specifically the copper and zinc cation exchange processes of an HZSM-5 zeolite were compared. + +\section{Introduction} +Zeolites are crystalline, microporous solids used for a large number of purposes such as for catalytic cracking, air purification, water softening and desiccants.~\autocite{hardsoftwater,petrov12} This project was completed using the ZSM-5 (Zeolite Socony Mobil-5)\autocite{zhang15} zeolite which has important uses in the petrochemical industry such as for the conversion of methanol to gasoline, dewaxing of distillates, separation of organic products (such as separating para-xylene from its isomers), the interconversion of hydrocarbons.\autocite{olson81,rasouli12,sarkany99} + +%TODO: Switch phrasing from aluminium atoms/silon atoms to ions? Ensure constancy throughout at least. +\subsection{Structure} +Each zeolite is comprised of a finite or infinite number of unique unit cells each of which is made from a constant, integral number of the same type of secondary building unit (SBU) with each vertex in the SBU being a tetrahedron of either \ce{[SiO4]} or \ce{[AlO4]^{-}} (which are themselves the primary building units).\autocite{zeolite-atlas,petrov12,ic-zeolite-structure,han09,danaher17} Each aluminium tetrahedron in a SBU introduces a negative charge -- since aluminium has a 3+ oxidation state compared the 4+ oxidation state of silicon -- which is balanced by the presence of cationic counterions.\autocite{gomez16,petrov12,han09,danaher17} The ZSM-5 zeolite used is a pentasil\autocite{danaher17,olson81} zeolite (constructed of eight five-membered rings) with an SBU containing twelve \ce{AO4} tetrahedra which form a pair of five-one units\autocite{zeolite-atlas,olson81,wu79} as shown in figure \ref{fig:zsm-5-sbu} (A-O-A bridges are shown as straight lines to increase the clarity of the images and since the A-O-A bond angle is around $\text{\SIrange{140}{150}{\degree}} \approx \SI{180}{\degree}$ for silicas and aluminosilicates and the A atoms are represented by the vertices).\autocite{zeolite-atlas} + +\begin{figure}[H] + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.25\textwidth]{ZSM-5-SBU.png} + \caption{Secondary building unit for ZSM-5 zeolite.\autocite{olson81}}\label{fig:zsm-5-sbu} +\end{figure} + +These SBUs then form long chains (figure \ref{fig:zsm-5-chain}) which then themselves interconnect to form layers hence giving a unit cell containing eight SBUs figure \ref{fig:zsm-5-layer}.\autocite{olson81} In \ref{fig:zsm-5-layer} one of the chains (shown in figure \ref{fig:zsm-5-chain}) is highlighted to demonstrate how the chains interconnect to form layers. + +\begin{figure}[H] +\begin{floatrow} + \centering + \ffigbox + {\includegraphics[width=0.2\textwidth]{ZSM-5-Chain.png}} + {\caption{Chain building unit for ZSM-5 zeolite.\autocite{olson81}}\label{fig:zsm-5-chain}} + \ffigbox + {\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{ZSM-5-Layer.png}} + {\caption{Layer of ZSM-5 zeolite.\autocite{olson81}}\label{fig:zsm-5-layer}} +\end{floatrow} +\end{figure} + +Since there are eight SBUs of twelve tetrahedra per unit cell there are $8 \times 12 = 96$ \ce{A} atoms and there are two oxygen atoms per individual \ce{A} atom in the cell\autocite{patent3702886A} so per unit cell there are $2 \times 96 = 192$ oxygen atoms. \autocite{zeolite-atlas} This gives the unit cell formula given in \ref{eq:unit-cell} where \ce{X} is a cation with a charge of $q$, hence $\frac{1}{q}$ of these cations are required per negative charge.\autocite{ismagilov00} + +\begin{equation}\label{eq:unit-cell} + \ce{X_{\frac{n}{q}} Al_n Si_{96-n}O_{192}.x H2O} +\end{equation} + +\subsection{Ion-Exchange} +These \ce{X^{$q$+}} cations can be exchanged with other ions in a process called ion-exchange. Changing the counterion of the ZSM-5 zeolite can alter the acidity, hydrophobicity, reaction selectivity and other properties of the zeolite.\autocite{rasouli12,chaudhari02,han09} + +The copper exchanged form of ZSM-5 is known to be one of the best forms of ZSM-5 for the selective catalytic reduction of \ce{NO} by \ce{C2-C4} hydrocarbons.\autocite{sato91,yashnik05,ismagilov00} This is an important use case since large amounts of \ce{NO} are produced in vehicle and industrial boiler emissions and \ce{NO} is known to cause air pollution and acid rain.\autocite{iwamoto91} + +Similarly the zinc exchanged form of ZSM-5 is currently subject to much research since it has been found to be effective at selectively converting methanol to use aromatic species such as benzene, toluene and xylene (important for the manufacture of polyester fibers, dyes, pesticides and medicines) as an alternative method to petroleum processing.\autocite{niu14,wang16} Specifically ZnZSM-5 has -- so far -- been the best choice of cation for this purpose since it is cheap, non-toxic and highly effective at the aforementioned aromatization process.\autocite{sun18} + +A ZSM-5 zeolite with a \ce{SiO2}/\ce{AlO3} ratio of 23 was used since this maximised the number of sites which were available for ion-exchange due to the higher aluminium content. In addition this increased the efficiency of the ion-exchange process since zeolites with a high Si/Al ratio are hydrophobic\autocite{chen76,han09,olson99} hence the cation solution does not spontaneously enter the zeolite nanopores so ion-exchange happens only at sites close to the pore entrance.\autocite{han09,olson99} This will thus reduce the percentage uncertainties in the values recorded. + + +\section{Experimental} +Standard solutions of \ce{Cu^{2+}} and \ce{Zn^{2+}} (\SI{50.00}{\centi\metre\cubed}) were made using \ce{CuSO4.5H2O} and \ce{ZnSO4.7H2O} with concentration \SI{2.008e-3}{\mole\per\deci\metre\cubed} and \SI{2.02e-3}{\mole\per\deci\metre\cubed} respectively. The absorbance of the standard copper sulphate solution was taken at \SI{806}{\nano\metre} (\num{0.484}) then \SI{20.00}{\centi\metre\cubed} of the standard solutions were added to \SI{0.4810}{\gram} (for the copper solution) and \SI{0.5274}{\gram} (for the zinc solution) of HZSM-5 zeolite with an \ce{AlO3}:\ce{SiO2} ratio of 23 -- forming an opaque white suspension -- before heating both solutions (with stirring) at \SI{70}{\celsius} for one hour. Centrifugation was completed on part of the resultant copper mixture, however time constraints prevented the completion of this process. The two mixtures were thus stored in a fridge for one week until the following laboratory session. + +After one week the zeolite had settled in the bottom of the solutions. The clear solution was decanted and the remainder was centrifuged for 30 minutes before the supernatant was reintroduced to the initially decanted solution producing a slightly cloudy copper solution and a moderately cloudy zinc solution. The solutions were made up to \SI{100.00}{\centi\metre\cubed} before the absorbance of the copper solution at \SI{806}{\nano\metre} was determined (\num{0.110}) and the zinc solution was titrated against a standard EDTA solution (\SI{0.4993}{\mole\per\deci\metre\cubed}) with \SI{2}{\centi\metre\cubed} of a pH 10 buffer solution and eriochrome black T as the indicator. + + +%TODO: Need to create new standard solutn to standardise the EDTA. Might as well set to heat for 1hr while sorting out Cu? (Use 10.00 cm aliquot) + +%TODO: Analysis Points: +%Explain intention of storing in fridge. + +%Losses: centrifuge tube: unable to transfer all of zinc solution out of sample bottles into centrifuge tubes. Insufficent time to centrifuge zeolite with distilled water as well to rinse tubes. +%After centrifuging solutions were still cloudy so still zeolite suspended. Higher absorbance than true for copper - could have effected zinc as well. Use titrametric method to get more accurate copper reading. +%Also other byproducts (non-useful) formed - see paper. + +\section{Results} + +\subsection{Copper-Exchanged Zeolite} +\begin{table}[h] + \caption{Masses used.} \label{tbl:masses} + \centering + \begin{tabular}{|c|c|} + \hline + Substance & Mass / \si{\gram} \\ + \hline + \ce{CuSO4.5H2O} & 0.5014 \\ + \hline + HZSM-5 & 0.4810 \\ + \hline + \end{tabular} +\end{table} + +\begin{table}[h] + \caption{Spectrophotometric results.} \label{tbl:absorbance} + \centering + \begin{tabular}{|c|c|} + \hline + Substance & Absorbance \\ + \hline + Standard Solution & 0.484 \\ + \hline + Post-Reaction Solution & 0.110 \\ + \hline + \end{tabular} +\end{table} + + +%\begin{align*} +% m_{\text{\ce{CuSO4.5H2O}}} &= \SI{0.5014}{\gram} \\ +% n_{\text{\ce{CuSO4.5H2O}}} &= \frac{\SI{0.5014}{\gram}}{(63.546 + 32.066 + 4(15.999) + 5(2(1.008) + 15.999)) \text{ \si{\gram\per\mole}}} \\ +% &= \frac{\SI{0.5014}{\gram}}{\SI{249.677}{\gram\per\mole}} = \SI{2.008e-3}{\mole} \\ +% [\ce{CuSO4}] &= \SI{0.04016}{\mole\per\deci\metre\cubed} \\ +%\end{align*} + +Let $V_{\ce{Cu}_\text{std.}}$ be the volume and $[\ce{CuSO4}]_\text{std.}$ be the concentration of the standard \ce{Cu^{2+}} solution. +\begin{align} + n_{\ce{CuSO4}} &= \frac{m_{\ce{CuSO4.5H2O}}}{Mr_{\ce{CuSO4.5H2O}}} \nonumber \\ + [\ce{CuSO4}]_\text{std.} &= \frac{n_{\ce{CuSO4}}}{V_{\ce{Cu}_\text{std.}}} \nonumber\\ + \label{eq:[cuso4]-std} + &= \frac{m_{\ce{CuSO4.5H2O}}}{V_{\ce{Cu}_\text{std.}} Mr_{\ce{CuSO4.5H2O}}} +\end{align} + +Rearranging the Beer-Lambert law (equation \ref{eq:beer-lambert}) for the molar extinction coefficient: + +\begin{align} + \label{eq:beer-lambert} + A = \epsilon c l \\ + \label{eq:beer-lambert-epsilon} + \epsilon = \frac{A}{c l} +\end{align} + +Hence using equations \ref{eq:[cuso4]-std} and \ref{eq:beer-lambert-epsilon} with $A_{\ce{Cu}_\text{std.}}$ being the absorbance of the standard \ce{CuSO4} solution: + +\begin{equation} +\begin{split} \label{eq:molar-extinction} + \epsilon_{\ce{CuSO4}} &= \frac{A_{\ce{Cu}_\text{std.}}}{[\ce{CuSO4}]_\text{std.} l} \\ + &= \frac{A_{\ce{Cu}_\text{std.}} V_{\ce{Cu}_\text{std.}} Mr_{\ce{CuSO4.5H2O}}}{l m_{\ce{CuSO4.5H2O}}} +\end{split} +\end{equation} + +This hence gives: +\begin{align} + \epsilon_{\text{\ce{CuSO4}}} &= \frac{0.484 \times \SI{50.00e-3}{\deci\metre\cubed} \times (63.546 + 32.066 + 4(15.999) + 5(2(1.008) + 15.999)) \text{ \si{\gram\per\mole}}}{\SI{1.0}{\centi\metre} \times \SI{0.5014}{\gram}} \nonumber\\ + \label{eq:molar-extinction-calc} + &= \frac{0.484 \times \SI{50.00e-3}{\deci\metre\cubed} \times \SI{249.677}{\gram\per\mole}}{\SI{1.0}{\centi\metre} \times \SI{0.5014}{\gram}} = \SI{12.05}{\deci\metre\cubed\per\mole\per\centi\metre} +\end{align} + +%TODO: Look up (and compare to) literature value. + +By rearranging the Beer-Lambert Law (equation \ref{eq:beer-lambert}) for concentration: + +\begin{equation} \label{eq:beer-lambert-c} + c = \frac{A}{\epsilon l} +\end{equation} + +Letting $[\ce{CuSO4}]_\text{prod.}$ be the concentration, $A_{\ce{Cu}_\text{prod.}}$ be the absorbance, $n_{\ce{Cu}_\text{prod.}}$ be the amount of \ce{Cu^{2+}} ions and $V_{\ce{Cu}_\text{prod.}}$ be the volume of the solution after the ion-exchange reaction while using equation \ref{eq:beer-lambert-c}: + +\begin{align} + [\ce{CuSO4}]_\text{prod.} &= \frac{A_{\ce{Cu}_\text{prod.}}}{\epsilon_{\text{\ce{CuSO4}}} l} \nonumber \\ + n_{\ce{Cu}_\text{prod.}} &= [\ce{CuSO4}]_\text{prod.} V_{\ce{Cu}_\text{prod.}} \nonumber \\ + \label{eq:n_cu-prod} + &= \frac{A_{\ce{Cu}_\text{prod.}} V_{\ce{Cu}_\text{prod.}}}{\epsilon_{\text{\ce{CuSO4}}} l} +\end{align} + +Substituting equation \ref{eq:molar-extinction} into \ref{eq:n_cu-prod}: + +\begin{equation} \label{eq:n_cu-prod-final} + n_{\ce{Cu}_\text{prod.}} = \frac{A_{\ce{Cu}_\text{prod.}} V_{\ce{Cu}_\text{prod.}} m_{\ce{CuSO4.5H2O}}}{A_{\ce{Cu}_\text{std.}} V_{\ce{Cu}_\text{std.}} Mr_{\ce{CuSO4.5H2O}}} +\end{equation} + +Using equations \ref{eq:[cuso4]-std} and \ref{eq:n_cu-prod-final} to determine the amount of copper which was exchanged into the zeolite ($n_{\ce{Cu}_\text{ex.}}$) letting $V_{\ce{Cu}_\text{react.}}$ be the volume of the standard solution added to the HZSM-5. + +\begin{align} + n_{\ce{Cu}_\text{ex.}} &= [\ce{CuSO4}]V_{\ce{Cu}_\text{react.}} - n_{\ce{Cu}_\text{prod.}} \nonumber\\ + % \label{ + &= \frac{m_{\ce{CuSO4.5H2O}} V_{\ce{Cu}_\text{react.}}}{V_{\ce{Cu}_\text{std.}} Mr_{\ce{CuSO4.5H2O}}} - \frac{A_{\ce{Cu}_\text{prod.}} V_{\ce{Cu}_\text{prod.}} m_{\ce{CuSO4.5H2O}}}{A_{\ce{Cu}_\text{std.}} V_{\ce{Cu}_\text{std.}} Mr_{\ce{CuSO4.5H2O}}} +\end{align} + +Substitutiong equation ... into equation \ref{eq:cation-percent-exchanged} and setting $q = 2$ hence gives: + +%TODO: Continue from here. + +\begin{equation} \label{eq:cu-exchanged} + \si{\percent} \text{ \ce{Cu^{2+}} Exchanged} = \frac{2 Mr_{\text{HZSM-5 unit cell}} A_{\ce{Cu}_\text{prod.}} V_{\ce{Cu}_\text{prod.}} m_{\ce{CuSO4.5H2O}}}{7.68 m_{\text{HZSM-5}} A_{\ce{Cu}_\text{std.}} V_{\ce{Cu}_\text{std.}} Mr_{\ce{CuSO4.5H2O}}} \times \SI{100}{\percent} +\end{equation} + +Using \ref{eq:cu-exchanged} with: + +%TODO: Add uncertainties to these values. +\begin{align*} + Mr_{\text{HZSM-5 unit cell}} &= \SI{6217.6134}{\gram\per\mole} \text{ from equation \ref{eq:hzsm-5-mr}} \\ + A_{\ce{Cu}_\text{prod.}} &= \num{0.110} \text{ from table \ref{tbl:absorbance}} \\ + V_{\ce{Cu}_\text{prod.}} &= \SI{100.00 \pm 0.20 e-3}{\deci\metre\cubed} \\ + m_{\ce{CuSO4.5H2O}} &= \SI{0.5014 \pm 0.00005}{\gram} \text{ from table \ref{tbl:masses}} \\ + m_{\text{HZSM-5}} &= \SI{0.4810 \pm 0.00005}{\gram} \text{ from table \ref{tbl:masses}} \\ + A_{\ce{Cu}_\text{std.}} &= \num{0.484} \text{ from table \ref{tbl:absorbance}} \\ + V_{\ce{Cu}_\text{std.}} &= \SI{50.00 \pm 0.06 e-3}{\deci\metre\cubed} \\ + Mr_{\ce{CuSO4.5H2O}} &= \SI{249.577}{\gram\per\mole} \text{ from equation \ref{eq:molar-extinction-calc}} +\end{align*} + +%TODO: Put numbers above into calculation and write below: +\begin{displaymath} + \si{\percent} \text{ \ce{Cu^{2+}} Exchanged} = \frac{2 \times \SI{6217.6134}{\gram\per\mole} \times \SI{0.00}{\mole} }{7.68 \times \SI{0.4810}{\gram}} \times \SI{100}{\percent} = \SI{0.00}{\percent} +\end{displaymath} + +%TODO: Error propagation. +%TODO: Look up uncertainty in absorbance value for spectrophotometer. + +\subsection{Calculations} + +\subsubsection{Calculation of Maximum Theoretical Number of Ion Exchanges} +The \ce{SiO2}/\ce{Al2O3} ratio in the zeolite used was $23$. In this ratio there are two \ce{Al} atoms per \ce{Si}, so $\ce{Si}/\ce{Al} = \frac{23}{2} = 11.5$. + +Using the unit cell general formula (equation \ref{eq:unit-cell}) letting the \ce{Si}/\ce{Al} ratio be $r$ and with $n$ being the number of aluminium atoms per unit cell: +\begin{gather*} + r = \frac{\text{Number of \ce{Si} per unit cell}}{\text{Number of \ce{Al} per unit cell}} = \frac{96 - n}{n} \\ + n r + n = 96 \\ + \therefore n = \frac{96}{r + 1} +\end{gather*} + +Hence for $r = 11.5$ there are $n = \frac{96}{11.5 + 1} = 7.68$ \ce{Al} per unit cell. Letting $q$ be the cation charge and $x$ be the number of water molecules for unit cell: + +\begin{align*} + Mr_{\text{unit cell}} = \frac{7.68}{q} Mr_{\text{cation}} &+ (11.5(26.982)+ (96-7.68)(28.085) + 192(15.999) \\ + &+ x(2(1.008) + 15.999)) \si{\gram\per\mole} \\ + = \frac{7.68}{q} Mr_{\text{cation}} &+ \SI{5759.4692}{\gram\per\mole} + x(\SI{450.375}{\gram\per\mole}) +\end{align*} + +Thus for HZSM-5 where the cation is \ce{H+} and $x \approx 25$~\autocite{donder06}. +\begin{equation}\label{eq:hzsm-5-mr} +\begin{split} + Mr_{\text{HZSM-5 unit cell}} &= \frac{7.68}{1} \times \SI{1.008}{\gram\per\mole} + (5759.49692 + 25(450.375)) \text{ \si{\gram\per\mole}} \\ + &= \SI{6217.6134}{\gram\per\mole} +\end{split} +\end{equation} + +Let: $q$ be the cation charge; $n_{\text{max. cation}}$ be the theoretical maximum amount of cation which can be exchanged and $n_{\text{cation}}$, $m_{\text{cation}}$ and $Mr_{\text{cation}}$ be the actual amount, mass and $Mr$ of the cation exchanged respectively. + +\begin{align} + n_{\text{HZSM-5 unit cell}} &= \frac{m_{\text{HZSM-5}}}{Mr_{\text{HZSM-5 unit cell}}} \nonumber \\ + n_{\text{max. cation}} &= \frac{7.68}{q} n_{\text{HZSM-5 unit cell}} \nonumber \\ + &= \frac{7.68}{q} \frac{m_{\text{HZSM-5}}}{Mr_{\text{HZSM-5 unit cell}}} \nonumber \\ +% + \si{\percent} \text{ Exchanged} &= \frac{n_{\text{cation}}}{n_{\text{max. cation}}} \times \SI{100}{\percent} \nonumber \\ + \label{eq:cation-percent-exchanged} + &= \frac{q Mr_{\text{HZSM-5 unit cell}} n_{\text{cation}}}{7.68 m_{\text{HZSM-5}}} \times \SI{100}{\percent} +\end{align} + + +%Over 100% exchange is possible e.g. due to formation of oxide species phyllosilicate outside zeolite e.t.c. influence on cobalt salt precursers on cobalt speciation and catalytic properties of H-ZSM-5 modified ... mhamdi + +%TODO: Subsubsub section package? +%\subsubsubsection{Copper} + +\paragraph{Copper} + + + +\subsection{Copper} + +For zeolite: + + +\section{Analysis} +%TODO: Compared molar extinction coefficient value to literature value. + +\printbibliography + +\section{Supplementary Information} +%TODO: Attach risk assessments. + +\end{document} diff --git a/project/specific.bib b/project/specific.bib new file mode 100644 index 0000000..40a0ac9 --- /dev/null +++ b/project/specific.bib @@ -0,0 +1,229 @@ +@article{donder06, + author = {Vera Dondur and Vesna Raki\'{c} and Ljiljana Damjanovi\'{c} and Radmila Hercigonja and Aline Auroux}, + title = {Temperature-Programmed Desorption of n-hexane from Hydrated HZSM-5 and \ce{NH4}ZSM-5 Zeolites}, + year = {2006}, + journal = {Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry}, + volume = {84}, + number = {1}, + pages = {233--238} +} + +@online{ic-zeolite-structure, + title = {Zeolite Structure}, + author = {Wyn Locke}, + date = {1999}, + url = {http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/vchemlib/course/zeolite/structure.html}, + urldate = {2018-03-02} +} + +@article{han09, + title = {High-pressure cation-exchange treatment of a ZSM-5 zeolite}, + author = {Aijie Han and Yu Qiao}, + month = {7}, + year = {2009}, + journal = {Journal of Materials Research}, + volume = {24}, + number = {7}, + pages = {2416--2419} +} + +@article{olson99, + title = {Use of water as a probe of zeolitic properties: interaction of water with HZSM-5}, + author = {D. 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